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Browsing NLR by Author "Aktas, M."
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    Robustness of Artificial Intelligence for Hybrid Warfare
    (Netherlands Aerospace Centre NLR, 2021) Marchi, J.A. de ; Sharp, J. ; Melrose, J. ; Madahar, B. ; Kurth, F. ; Lange, D.S. ; Aktas, M. ; Martinel, N. ; Luotsinen, L. ; Solberg, E. ; Tanik, G.O.
    There are many activities, projects and programs that look at manipulation of machine learning systems (MLS) and how specific systems can be influenced by creative input. But there is too little activity in machine learning research to look at how we can create more robust systems and how such systems might require a fundamental change in training, testing, validation and/or product phases. One problem might be that commercial MLS may be trained in ways that cannot be verified through the product. Can the products contain back doors in the system, much like software in general, only made by creatively crafting the input/training data? E.g. is it possible to train a missile detection system, that is trained to report no detection on one specific type of missile, and that this manipulation cannot be detected because the machine learning model is too large and complex? This RTG will look into methods for how such training can take place, how training can take place which will avoid these types of challenges, and how systems must be documented in order to avoid being the victim for such solutions as a customer. Data from military sensors are being fed directly into systems for fast analysis and decisions. Robustness in training phase is only one step towards a more robust overall system. Military systems also need sensor input to be unpredictive enough that the analysis will not be compromised with fake data. Robustness in operations will also be an important area of research. Another problem might be the accountability of using MLS when decisions have been made. How can the decision be documented at the time of the event in a way that later can be verified was correct with information currently available. This accountability will require machine learning systems, especially dynamic MLSs, to have major changes from todays “take it or leave it” output. With the extreme growth of machine learning systems into military equipment, it is important to cover the potential problems listed above. In order to achieve trust in military systems using complex machine learning models and algorithms, the military needs to be able to prove both robustness and accountability. Robustness is important for the availability and integrity of any military system, with or without both sensors and effectors. Accountability is likely a future requirement for such systems, and the more complex a system becomes, the documentation of accountability will grow towards “non-human” complexity. Military decision makers must be able to document how the military decision making systems operates in order to show why their system recommended those specific actions based on the input from these specific sensors.