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    INSPECT: Understanding Trainee Cognitive Processes in ATC Training
    (NTSA, 2024) Bellucci, T. ; Gabriel, E.P.M. ; Hove, P.E. ten ; Miltenburg, M.P.G. van ; Pistone, D. ; Niedenzu, S.F. ; Willems, T.F.
    In the highly demanding field of air traffic control (ATC), where complex skills and extensive workload management are required, it is essential to have insight into the cognitive processes of trainees in order to facilitate effective training. Performance-based training (PBT) has readily been employed in recent years to train air traffic controllers (ATCOs) on technical and procedural skills, such as adherence to communication protocols and separation procedures; however, while software tools has been developed for PBT to support the assessment of technical skills, obtaining insights into non-technical (cognitive) abilities, such as information perception and workload management, has proven more challenging. In this paper, we present INSPECT – a technology demonstrator with the aim of supporting instructors in coaching of non-technical competencies by providing objective insights into the cognitive processes of trainees. Our approach involves the use of eye tracking to relate the eye movements and pupil dilation of the trainee to the information presented on the trainee’s radar screen, enabling our software to derive a range of objective metrics, covering three major cognitive skills: situational assessment, workload management, and problem solving/decision-making. By leveraging data obtained from eye tracking and the flight data presented on the radar display, INSPECT is able to derive a range of objective metrics, concerning the perception of information, anticipation of inbound flights, mental workload, visual scanning cycle, and decision-making; results are then displayed in a user-friendly dashboard for the purpose of debriefing. What’s more, to support the instructor during a training session, a live tool is developed to display the trainee's real-time eye movements on the radar screen, allowing the instructor to follow the scanning cycle of the trainee. Ultimately, our research demonstrates the potential of instructor support tools to transform data to insights, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of ATCO training.
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    Unlocking Cost-Effective Insights: Leveraging Webcam Metrics for Cognitive Workload Assessments
    (Measuring Behavior, 2024) Miltenburg, M.P.G. van ; Klaren, C. van ; Amghane, C.
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    Team Metrics: Monitoring team performance during multi-human multi-UAV control
    (NATO, 2024) Miltenburg, M.P.G. van ; Martin, P. ; Brouwer, A.-M. ; Funke, G. ; Davis, K. ; Klaren, C. van ; Zhacheva, E. ; Frijters, E. ; Stuldreher, I. ; Tolston, M.
    The modern military landscape is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by technological advancements and the evolving nature of warfare. The traditional OODA loop, a cornerstone of military strategy, is being updated to emphasize the need for coordinated action across diverse platforms. This shift is particularly relevant in the context of mosaic warfare, where a combination of systems is leveraged to create a dynamic and adaptable force. Similarly, the linear kill chain concept is evolving into nonlinear kill webs (Cantrell, 2023; Eckstein, 2016; Pavlak, 2023), highlighting the need for interwoven, optimized, and multiplied sensors and effects to counter sophisticated threats. Central to these transformations is the integration of Hybrid Intelligence (Dellermann et al., 2019), a synergistic approach that combines human and machine cognition to enhance decision-making. These changes necessitate a re-evaluation of how we assess and maintain meaningful human control over these increasingly complex and autonomous systems (Johnson, 2022, 2023). In particular, it calls into focus the need for distributed metrics of teaming, coordination, and readiness so that the entire mosaic, human and machine, can be orchestrated effectively, allowing centralized and decentralized decision making that makes optimal use of resources and to ensure that teams are operating efficiently and in ways that ensure adequate oversight and control of the autonomy that will serve as the backbone in future warfare.
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    Pupillary Activity Dynamics in a Multitask Environment
    ( 2024) Miltenburg, M.P.G. van ; Bos, T.J.J. ; Klaren, C. van ; Verhoeven, R.P.M.
    This research delves into the Index of Pupillary Activity (IPA) as a novel, realtime metric for assessing cognitive workload in multitasking environments. Traditional metrics like pupil size are influenced by external factors, making them less reliable. In contrast, IPA directly reflects mental effort and attention, offering insights into cognitive workload fluctuations. This study aims to validate IPA’s sensitivity to changes in cognitive demands across various task complexities and its correlation with subjective workload measures. By emphasizing IPA, this research could significantly enhance strategies for optimizing task performance and deepen our understanding of human cognition.
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    Multiscale Modeling of Heat Transfer in Graphene-Copper Nanocomposites
    (ECCOMAS, 2025) Goor, L.A. van ; Lee, H. ; Jafari, D. ; Lyulin, A.V. ; Wits, W.W. ; Geurts, B.J.
    This study investigates the thermal properties of graphene-copper metal-matrix composites, resolving nanoscale structures through Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulations and developing a continuum-upscaled model using homogenization. The continuum model is based on the NEMD findings and aims to predict the thermal properties of graphene-copper powders, which serve as feedstock material for Additive Manufacturing (AM).