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ItemController Adaptive Digital Assistant (CODA) : Interim Conclusions on the Development of a New ATC System(Springer, 2025)This paper aims to outline the development of adaptation strategies and HMI guidelines for a COntroller adaptive Digital Assistant (CODA) to support Air Traffic Controllers in their operational duties by dynamically managing their workload. The strategies and guidelines were constructed using relevant literature and interviews with operational experts. The interim results include areas of specific interest based on operational knowledge, fourteen adaptation strategies and fifteen HMI guidelines. These results will serve as input for subsequent mock-ups that consider technical factors as well, and ensure an effective and usable support to controllers. These interim results provide valuable insights for developing supportive tools in the highly regulated, safety-critical domain of ATC, contributing to the advancement of operational safety and efficiency.
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ItemExploring Large Language Models for Collaborative Scenario Development in Simulation-Based Military Training(Springer, 2025)This study explores the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of human-AI collaborative scenario development for military simulation-based training. We propose a conceptual framework that organizes scenario development into three key phases, supported by a sequence of LLM modules: from defining a training design and creating a conceptual scenario, to generating a scenario specification for execution in simulation. The approach supports the integration of external domain-specific knowledge sources, such as trainee qualification profiles, to ensure scenarios adhere to organization-specific training principles. Using a case study of helicopter pilot training, we evaluate how LLMs can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of scenario development compared to traditional methods. Our findings highlight the promise of LLMs in streamlining scenario development workflows while maintaining instructional integrity.
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ItemCFD Analysis of Buzz Saw Noise Employing Time-Domain Non-Linear Impedance Boundary Conditions(AIAA, 2024)Buzz saw noise emerges in turbofan engines featuring supersonic blade tip speeds and perturbed blade loadings. Such conditions occur at high-power climbing operations and result in considerable noise emissions. This paper employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation to illustrate the non-linear interaction between the buzz saw noise generating mechanism and acoustic liners in a generic UHBR engine. Blade loading perturbations are modeled by applying blade twist deviations. Additionally, a newly developed time-domain non-linear impedance model is introduced as a boundary condition to incorporate the effects of acoustic liners. The study investigates the impact of both applied twist deviations and liners on the resulting buzz saw noise spectrum. The results demonstrate the capability of CFD simulation to accurately model buzz saw noise. Future research should focus on validating these results, improving the dynamics of the liner model, exploring the benefits of non-uniform liner design, and investigating aeroelastic interactions with liners.
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ItemDevelopment of a production approach to build a titanium flaperon rib by directed energy deposition(Springer, 2023)Laser powder-directed energy deposition (LP-DED) is gaining interest in the production of complex large parts at a high production rate compared to conventional machining. Typically, these products are milled out of solid blocks. The aim of this work is to show the whole production chain to manufacture a titanium flaperon rib starting from the process optimisation to production and post-processing of the part itself. First, the process parameters for thin and bulky structures were optimised in LP-DED. Then different characteristic design features of the rib were defined and the manufacturing strategies were optimised. Lastly, all optimised strategies were applied for the production of the full-scale flaperon ribs. In this work, several design guidelines and optimum process conditions were obtained for Ti6Al4V processed by LP-DED. On one hand, the process parameters for thin walls and solid features were obtained. In addition, intersections and overhang structures were studied to achieve stable and high-quality connections. On the other hand, different strategies for reducing the deformations were studied and minimum deformations were obtained for large slender build plates. All developed strategies were implemented to successfully produce a large-sized flaperon rib in Ti6Al4V by powder LP-DED.
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ItemTopology optimization for the design of a 3D-printed rotating shaft balance(Springer, 2023)Rotating shaft balances (RSBs) are devices that are used to measure rotor blade forces and moments of wind tunnel models during wind tunnel tests. The design of an RSB can be challenging, because it has to comply with many and sometimes contradicting requirements such as high stiffness and high strain gauge bridge outputs. The manufacturing of a conventional RSB consists of different subsequent steps, which can be time consuming, expensive and associated with many risks. Therefore, in this work, the authors investigate if a RSB can be designed by topology optimization and manufactured by 3D printing. A topology optimization method was developed with as design objective the minimization of strain energy with constraints for the volume of the RSB’s midsection, defined stresses at strain gauge locations used for the measurement of axial force and torque and an overhang constraint for additive manufacturing. The optimal preliminary design found by topology optimization was translated into a final printable design with the highest bridge sensitivity for axial force and torque, sufficient output for in-plane forces and moments and an acceptable safety factor on strength for combined loads. After adding extra supports required for printing, the RSB was successfully printed in metal by the laser powder bed fusion process, resulting in a product without external defects. The same topology optimization and manufacturing method can potentially be used for other balance types, leading to a reduction in total lead time and manufacturing costs while increasing the design freedom.