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    SHIELD Human Factors Taxonomy and Database for Learning from Aviation and Maritime Safety Occurrences
    (MDPI, 2023) Stroeve, S. ; Kirwan, B. ; Turan, O. ; Kurt, R.E. ; Doorn, B.A. van ; Save, L. ; Jonk, P.B.M. ; Navas de Maya, B. ; Kilner, A. ; Verhoeven, R.P.M. ; Farag, Y.B.A. ; Demiral, A. ; Bettignies-Thiebaux, B. ; De Wolff, L. ; Vries, V.J.F. de ; Ahn, S. II ; Pozzi, S.
    Human factors (HF) in aviation and maritime safety occurrences are not always systematically analysed and reported in a way that makes the extraction of trends and comparisons possible in support of effective safety management and feedback for design. As a way forward, a taxonomy and data repository were designed for the systematic collection and assessment of human factors in aviation and maritime incidents and accidents, called SHIELD (Safety Human Incident and Error Learning Database). The HF taxonomy uses four layers: The top layer addresses the sharp end where acts of human operators contribute to a safety occurrence; the next layer concerns preconditions that affect human performance; the third layer describes decisions or policies of operations leaders that affect the practices or conditions of operations; and the bottom layer concerns influences from decisions, policies or methods adopted at an organisational level. The paper presents the full details, guidance and examples for the effective use of the HF taxonomy. The taxonomy has been effectively used by maritime and aviation stakeholders, as follows from questionnaire evaluation scores and feedback. It was found to offer an intuitive and well-documented framework to classify HF in safety occurrences.
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    Design of a Radar Signature Measurement Model of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Low Radar Signature
    (River Publisher, 2024) Ven, H. van der ; Bocanegra, D.E. ; González, J. ; Inal, M.E. ; Altinoklu, A. ; Öztürk, A. ; Jakobus, U. ; Osipov, A. ; Lie-Svendsen, Oystein ; Weinmann, F. ; Andersson, A. ; Edefur, H. ; Hall, J.-O. ; Poyatos Martínez, D. ; Çiftçi, T.
    Existing databases of RCS benchmarks lack a complex, low-observable target. This paper describes the design of such a complex and low-observable measurement model. Starting point of the design is the so-called Muldicon model, developed by the NATO/STO/AVT panel. Hot spots of the original model are identified and treated with radar-absorbing materials. Simulations on the treated model demonstrate that the model is indeed low observable. The effect of the manufacturing process of 3D-printing and separable parts is assessed experimentally on a cone-sphere; the effect is found to be negligible. These results give confidence that the model, when built, satisfies the requirements of being complex and low observable; and that artefacts of the manufacturing process will not impair its signature.
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    Association between short-term annoyance and several physiological parameters during different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure
    (ŁUKASIEWICZ RESEARCH NETWORK – INSTITUTE OF AVIATION, 2020) Ohlenforst, B.A. ; Miltenburg, M.P.G. van ; Aalmoes, R. ; Schreckenberg, D. ; Ligthart, S.
    Annoyance is the most prevalent community response to environmental noise. Observational and experimental lab studies have shown that exposure to environmental noise leads to annoyance, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, increased heart rate and increased blood pressure. However, previous literature is preliminary based on controlled settings or experimental design, raising the question of the generalizability and applicability in daily life scenarios. This study aimed to investigate two main research questions. First, what is the relationship between short-term annoyance and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? Second, what is the relationship between physiological parameters, including heart rate, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency, sleep duration and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? This study also aimed to explore the suitability of non-invasive commercially available activity trackers to measure physiological metrics in a scientific way. During this field study, participants were wearing Fitbit Charge 3 activity trackers recording heart rate and different sleep-derived metrics (e.g. deep sleep duration, sleep efficiency and awakenings). The used activity trackers were readily available, non-intrusive, relatively cheap and easy to use by the participants. Simultaneously, a logbook was used by the participants to track the subjective perception and situational context of air traffic noise exposure. The noise levels corresponding to the exposure of air traffic of each participant were calculated based on the location of the participant and the corresponding radar track using an aircraft noise monitoring system.
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    Synergistic effects of Ni³?–Cu0/+ dual sites for efficient and stable hydrogen production in AEM water electrolysis
    (Elsevier, 2026) Jiang, T. ; Poimenidis, I.A. ; Luo, D. ; Jiang, C. ; Zhao, Q. ; Bakker, R. ; Wanqing, L. ; Stuart, M.C.A. ; Arendsen, P. ; Zhang, X. ; Konsolakis, M. ; Kyriakou, V.
    Achieving efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with earth-abundant electrocatalysts is pivotal for boosting the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis. Here, we report an oxygen vacancy (Ov)-rich Cu₂O/NiO heterostructure, which triggers a peculiar interfacial charge transfer from NiO to Cu₂O, creating catalytically active Ni³ ⁺–Cu0/+ dual sites to synergistically promote water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption. The Cu₂O/NiO heterostructure exhibits a low overpotential of 19.7 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² with Tafel slope of 36 mV dec⁻¹ , outperforming most of the reported catalysts. The anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer equipped Cu₂O/NiO electrode enables 1.78 V to reach 1.0 A cm⁻² for >200 h of continuous operation. Thorough characterizations including HRTEM/XPS/EPR/XANES and DFT calculations exemplify the interfacial charge transfer dynamics in the Cu₂O/NiO heterostructure during HER, offering a new paradigm for rational design of noble metal-free HER electrocatalysts for AEM water electrolysis.
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    Combined Estimation of Structural Displacement, Rotation and Strain Modes on a Scaled Glider
    (MDPI, 2026) Jurisson, A. ; Eussen, B.J.G. ; Visser, C. de ; Breuker, R. de
    Incorporating sensors such as microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based inertial measurement units (IMUs) and strain gauges into aircraft structures has the potential to complement ground vibration testing results and improve the tracking of structural modes and wing shape in flight, as well as structural health monitoring. This study evaluates the feasibility and accuracy of employing MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes together with strain gauges to estimate the structural modes of an aircraft. For this purpose, a ground vibration test was carried out on a 1:3 scaled Diana 2 glider model from which the displacement, rotation, and strain modes were estimated. The estimated modal parameters were compared with traditional piezoelectric accelerometer results and Finite Element Method model predictions. The results showed that the modal frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes estimated using MEMS IMUs and strain gauges closely matched the reference accelerometer estimates. Furthermore, the combination of displacement, rotation, and strain mode shapes allowed for greater insight into the structural dynamics. The exploratory use of gyroscopes for aircraft GVT allowed the structural torsion to be captured directly, thereby potentially simplifying future GVT setups by eliminating the need for placing accelerometers in pairs across the structure.